Electrostatic Equilibrium

Core Sentence / 核心句

In electrostatic equilibrium, free charges in a conductor have stopped moving and the electric field inside the conducting material is zero.

中文理解：静电平衡不是“没有电荷”，而是自由电荷已重新分布到不再受到内部净电场驱动。

E_{inside conductor} = 0

V = constant throughout the conductor

看到 conductor、surface charge、cavity、electrostatic shielding、connected conductors 时使用。

导体材料内部 $E = 0$ 不代表 cavity 内一定 $E = 0$ ，也不代表整个导体的 $V = 0$ 。