U-Substitution

Core Sentence / 核心句

U-substitution simplifies an integral by recognizing and reversing a hidden Chain Rule pattern.

中文理解:当 composite inner function 与它的 derivative factor 同时出现时,用 代替内层结构,把积分还原为熟悉形式。

Pattern / 结构

If , then

Set

so the integral becomes .

Workflow / 流程

choose repeated inner expression u
-> compute du
-> match remaining factor up to a constant
-> rewrite entirely in u
-> integrate
-> substitute back
-> differentiate to verify

Watch Out / 易错点

  • 的目标是简化,不是固定选择“最复杂的一块”。
  • 若缺的只是 nonzero constant factor,可以补偿;若缺的是 variable-dependent factor,不能凭空补。
  • 改写后不要混留
  • indefinite integral 要加
  • differential notation is justified by the Chain Rule, not free fraction algebra.

Source / 出现位置

Connected Notes / 连接