U-Substitution
Core Sentence / 核心句
U-substitution simplifies an integral by recognizing and reversing a hidden Chain Rule pattern.
中文理解:当 composite inner function 与它的 derivative factor 同时出现时,用 代替内层结构,把积分还原为熟悉形式。
Pattern / 结构
If , then
Set
so the integral becomes .
Workflow / 流程
choose repeated inner expression u
-> compute du
-> match remaining factor up to a constant
-> rewrite entirely in u
-> integrate
-> substitute back
-> differentiate to verifyWatch Out / 易错点
- 选 的目标是简化,不是固定选择“最复杂的一块”。
- 若缺的只是 nonzero constant factor,可以补偿;若缺的是 variable-dependent factor,不能凭空补。
- 改写后不要混留 与 。
- indefinite integral 要加 。
- differential notation is justified by the Chain Rule, not free fraction algebra.