AE26 Module 3 - Information Literacy

Reading Guide / 阅读说明

Module 2 解决“如何把一个来到面前的 source 读懂”;Module 3 进一步解决“去哪里找、如何找到、什么值得信,以及如何坦率地把它接入自己的作品”。这不是图书馆界面的短期操作题,而是每次 research assignment 都会重复使用的 Information Literacy 流程。

一句话主线

Information literacy is the ability to find, identify, evaluate, use, and acknowledge sources according to a specific scholarly purpose.

信息素养不是“会搜索”,而是能根据学术任务找到资料、识别类型、评估质量、有目的地使用,并对来源负责。

1. Module Map / 模块脉络

an assignment creates an information need
-> identify the kinds of sources available
-> distinguish scholarly/popular and primary/secondary
-> understand peer review and publication context
-> turn a question into keywords and phrases
-> search Summon or a discipline-specific database
-> apply limiters and inspect the results
-> evaluate authority, purpose, evidence, currency, and relevance
-> use the source in dialogue with other work
-> connect borrowed content to its origin through citation

Module 3 把 Academic Conversation 从比喻变成 research workflow:你必须先找到别人已经说了什么,才能判断自己能贡献什么。

2. The Library Is a Research System / 图书馆是研究系统

UBC Library 不只是存放纸质书的地点,而是由 physical branches、online collections、course reserves、subject librarians、citation guides 和 research support 组成的系统。

  • student card 同时是 library card;
  • 校外可通过 CWL 访问已订阅的电子资源;
  • subject librarian 可帮助选择数据库、改进搜索式和评估来源;
  • citation generator 只是草稿工具,仍要对照 style guide 检查;
  • 查到 paywall 时不要立即付费,先检查 Library 订阅权限或替代来源。

X̱wi7x̱wa Library 还提醒我们:知识的分类、保存和引用方式与 community、culture 和历史有关。

3. Source Types Are Roles, Not Quality Labels / 来源类型不是质量排名

Scholarly source 通常由专家为专业读者撰写,使用 disciplinary conventions、证据与 reference list,目的是对领域知识作出贡献。

Popular source 通常面向广泛读者,可能为了新闻、解释、娱乐或说服。它不自动“不可靠”;能否用于作业取决于 Scholarly Situation 和任务要求。

Trade publications 面向某个 profession 或 industry,可用来理解行业现状,但不必然是 peer-reviewed research。

Primary and secondary sources

  • Primary source: 被研究现象、事件或时期的直接记录、原始数据或当事者材料。
  • Secondary source: 对 primary material 的分析、解释、综合或批评。

Primary and secondary describe a source’s relationship to the research question, not an eternal property of the object.

primary / secondary 是相对于 research question 而言的角色,不是文件永久不变的标签。

Newspaper article 在研究历史媒体话语时可以是 primary source;如果只是为你总结另一项研究,则更接近 secondary account。

4. Peer Review and Publication Context / 同行评议与出版环境

Peer review 是发表前由同领域研究者评估 originality、methods、evidence 和 relevance 的质量控制过程,通常会导致 revision。它提高信任起点,却不保证结论永远正确。

Academic books 可能经过严格 editorial review,却不一定经历与 journal article 相同的 peer-review process;它们仍可以是 scholarly sources。

Open Access 表示读者可免费访问研究,不等于没有 peer review。Predatory publishing 则在没有实质审查的情况下追求尽可能多地收费发表。判断时要看真实的 editorial and review practices,不能只看“Open Access”标签。

5. Turn a Question into a Search / 把问题变成检索式

Library tools 通常不像 conversational search 一样理解完整问句。Search Strategy 需要把 research question 压缩为 concepts:

research question
-> remove question scaffolding and filler words
-> keep the main concepts as keywords
-> put multiword concepts in quotation marks
-> combine concept groups with AND
-> search, inspect, revise

课程例子:

What are the effects of fracking on climate change in British Columbia?

fracking AND "climate change" AND effects AND "British Columbia"
  • keywords 承载问题的主要概念;
  • phrase 是必须按固定顺序一起检索的多词概念;
  • AND 要求结果同时涉及两组概念,通常会缩小结果集;
  • quotation marks 保留 exact phrase;
  • 第一个搜索式是可修改的 hypothesis,不是最终答案。

6. Summon, Books and Media, and Databases / 三个搜索入口

ToolWhat it searchesBest starting useWatch out
Summon大部分 UBC Library collection广泛发现 scholarly 和 popular sources结果混合,需要 limiters 与人工评估
Books and Mediaprint/online books, chapters, films and media明确需要书或媒体,或按 campus/online availability 筛选范围比 Summon 窄
Indexes and Databasesdiscipline- or topic-specific databases已知学科,需要更专业的文献覆盖首页搜索框找的是 database,不是 article

Summon 中常用的 limiters 包括 peer-reviewed、full text online、date range、subject、geography 和 content type。它们应根据 assignment requirements 缩小结果,而不是为了让数量看起来更小。

7. Google and GenAI Are Discovery Tools / Google 与 GenAI 的边界

Google 适合获取 background information、government pages、news 和搜索词线索,但结果排名可受 advertising、search optimization 与 personalization 影响;结果也不会自动满足 scholarly 或 peer-reviewed 要求。

GenAI 可帮助 brainstorming keywords、解释术语或提供搜索入口,但可能编造 source、author、title 和 citation details。

A source suggested by GenAI is only a lead until you locate the original, verify its metadata, read it, and judge its relevance yourself.

GenAI 给出的来源只是线索;必须找到原文、核对书目信息、实际阅读并自己判断是否适用。

使用 AI 前必须查当前 course/instructor policy;未经允许用 AI 产出可提交内容,可能构成 unauthorized assistance 或 plagiarism。

8. Evaluate the Source, Not the Search Rank / 评估来源而不是搜索排名

Source Evaluation 要把 source 放回它的出版语境与当前任务:

  1. Authority: 谁写的?在这个问题上有什么专业性?
  2. Publication context: 谁发布?有没有 editorial or peer review?
  3. Purpose: 是报告研究、解释、说服、销售,还是引流?
  4. Evidence and traceability: 有什么证据?能否追回原始数据和引用?
  5. Currency: 时间对这个问题是否重要?
  6. Relevance: 是否回答当前问题、符合 genre 和 assignment requirements?

Reliability is not the same as usefulness: a reliable news report may still be too general for a research claim, while a specialized source may be credible but irrelevant to your exact question.

9. Citation Is a Connection System / 引用是连接系统

Academic Citation 有三个正面功能:

  • give credit: 承认自己建立在谁的观点、数据或表达上;
  • engage in dialogue: 标明自己在支持、修正、延伸或反对哪个贡献;
  • demonstrate accountability: 让读者能验证 evidence trail,也让你检查别人的推理。
borrowed or source-dependent content
-> in-text citation placed immediately after that content
-> full reference entry at the end
-> original source that the reader can locate

In-text citation 提供最小识别信息;reference list / bibliography / works cited 提供足够找回原文的完整信息。

10. When Does an Idea Need Citation? / 什么时候要引用

当 claim、interpretation、data point、distinctive expression 或具体关系来自别人的工作时,无论是 quoting、paraphrasing 还是 summarizing,都需要 citation。

Common knowledge 一般不需要 citation,但它高度 contextual。不确定时,追问:

  • Did I know this before consulting the source?
  • Is this widely accepted for this audience, or a specific scholar’s interpretation?
  • Could a reader reasonably ask where this came from?

Academic integrity 不只是避免惩罚。Citation choices 还会决定谁被承认为 expert、谁被留在 scholarly record 中。课程因此强调 marginalized scholars 的引用遗漏,以及 Indigenous knowledge 需要 culturally informed citation protocols。

11. Final Check-in / 模块收束任务

Module 3 最终任务要求对同一 topic 找两个来源:一个通过 public search engine,一个通过 UBC Library system。对每个 source 要完成三个动作:describe and summarize、evaluate reliability、judge relevance to the topic and assignment。

这说明“可靠”不是唯一标准;一个可靠但过于浅显的 news article,在 academic conversation 中仍可能只有有限作用。

12. Key Phrases / 一句话对应关系

  • Information literacy -> finding, evaluating, using, and acknowledging information for a purpose.
  • Scholarly source -> expert-to-expert work intended to contribute to disciplinary knowledge.
  • Popular source -> material written for a broad audience, whose usefulness depends on the task.
  • Primary source -> direct evidence relative to a particular research question.
  • Secondary source -> analysis or interpretation built from primary material.
  • Peer review -> expert quality control before publication, not a guarantee of permanent truth.
  • Open Access -> free reader access; it does not by itself indicate weak or absent review.
  • Search strategy -> a revisable translation from a research question into concepts and operators.
  • Keyword -> a word carrying one of the question’s central concepts.
  • Phrase searching -> quotation marks require multiple words to appear together and in order.
  • Limiter -> a relevance filter chosen from assignment needs, such as date or peer-review status.
  • Source evaluation -> judging authority, context, purpose, evidence, currency, and relevance together.
  • Citation -> a traceable connection between source-dependent content and its origin.
  • Common knowledge -> audience- and context-dependent information that does not normally require citation.
  • GenAI source suggestion -> an unverified lead, not evidence.

13. Retrieval Questions / 回忆问题

  1. Module 2 的 critical reading 和 Module 3 的 information literacy 如何衔接?
  2. scholarly/popular 与 primary/secondary 分别回答什么问题?
  3. 为什么 Open Access 不等于 predatory publishing?
  4. 如何把完整 research question 变成 Summon search?
  5. Summon、Books and Media 与 Indexes and Databases 有什么不同?
  6. 为什么 Google result rank 不能直接代表 academic quality?
  7. 为什么 GenAI 提供的 citation 必须回到原文验证?
  8. reliability 和 relevance 为什么是两个不同的判断?
  9. in-text citation 与 reference entry 如何共同建立 evidence trail?
  10. citation 除了避免 plagiarism,还有哪三个正面作用?

Connections / 连接