AE26 Module 4 - Writing in the University

Reading Guide / 阅读说明

Module 3 把来源找到、评估并引入 Academic Conversation;Module 4 把这些材料变成读者能理解的学术贡献。它不提供一个所有专业通用的 essay template,而是教你读取 writing situation,再用可循环的 Writing Process 完成任务。

一句话主线

Successful university writing adapts evidence, structure, language, and process to a particular discipline, purpose, audience, and genre.

大学写作的核心不是套固定模板,而是让证据、结构、语言和写作过程与特定学科情境匹配。

1. Module Map / 模块脉络

read the writing situation
-> collect task requirements, course knowledge, sources, data, and ideas
-> organize around genre conventions and reader needs
-> draft a complete but imperfect version
-> revise higher-order content and structure
-> edit sentences and wording for the audience
-> proofread formatting, citations, and surface errors
-> submit a clear, concise, evidence-based contribution

课程压缩为三个大阶段:Collect -> Organize -> Write。Write 内部又包含 Draft -> Revise -> Edit -> Proofread。实际执行不是一条只能向前的流水线,而是 recursive process。

2. Writing Situations Change the Rules / 写作情境决定规则

高中写作可能以 five-paragraph essay、literary analysis 或简化 lab report 为主;大学中会遇到 research paper、technical report、case analysis、reflection、proposal 和更多学科 genre。

差异来自 Scholarly Situation:

  • discipline 决定什么算证据、怎样组织推理;
  • purpose 决定是报告、解释、评估还是说服;
  • audience 决定 jargon、背景信息、语气和明示程度;
  • genre 提供可预期的结构和 conventions;
  • assignment requirements 提供字数、source type、citation style 与评分标准。

不同 genre 仍有两个共通任务:

  1. demonstrate understanding of what is already known or said;
  2. offer a reasoned contribution supported by evidence.

Academic writing is not unsupported personal opinion; it is a knowledge-based contribution whose reasoning and evidence readers can inspect.

3. Research Papers Across Disciplines / 跨学科研究论文

一篇 research paper 一般要报告研究或分析的结果,解释结果意味着什么,并说明该解释为什么有效且重要。最宽泛的框架是 Introduction -> Body -> Conclusion:

  • Introduction: topic、context、research problem 与 argument preview;
  • Body: methods/materials、observations、claims、reasons 与 evidence;
  • Conclusion: 回收主线,说明 contribution、limitations 或 next step。

Sciences and IMRaD

STEM 和部分 social sciences 常使用 IMRaD Structure:

SectionCentral question
IntroductionWhy was this question worth investigating?
MethodsWhat exactly was done so another researcher could understand or reproduce it?
ResultsWhat was observed, measured, or calculated?
DiscussionWhat do the findings mean, why do they matter, and how do they connect to prior work?

Results 主要描述 findings;Discussion 负责 interpretation。某些文章有独立 Conclusion,某些由 Discussion 同时完成收束。

Humanities and flexible argument structure

Humanities paper 常研究 novels、archives、cultural artifacts 或 theories。Body 不是被固定为三段,而是用足够多的 claims、reasons 和 evidence,逐步带读者接受 thesis。

Five-paragraph essay 是一种可用的入门结构,不是错误,也不是大学写作的唯一形式。当论证需要更多 nuance、counterargument 或 evidence 时,段落数应服务于论证,而不是反过来限制它。

4. Collect / 先收集正确的信息

Collect 不只是找 sources,还包括:

  • 重读 prompt、rubric 和 instructor instructions;
  • 弄清 audience、purpose、genre、length 和 citation requirements;
  • 问 professor / TA 具体问题;
  • 回顾 lecture notes、slides、assigned readings 和 data;
  • 使用 Information Literacy 完成必要 research;
  • brainstorming,先把思路放到页面上;
  • 同时保留 author、page number 和 source details,不要等 draft 后再倒查。

研究伦理也从 Collect 开始:追问 research 对相关 people/community 有什么正面或负面影响,是否互惠,以及如何降低可预见的 harm。

5. Organize / 结构是对读者的设计

Outline 应按 genre conventions 分配内容,例如 Introduction / Support / Conclusion 或 IMRaD。一个有效技巧是 work backwards:

  1. 先想最终希望读者接受什么 conclusion / interpretation;
  2. 再问读者需要看到什么 evidence 才能接受它;
  3. 最后确定 Introduction 需要提供哪些 context 才能理解证据。

They Say / I Say 提醒:先准确理解专家的贡献,再说明你要支持、延伸、限制或质疑什么。Outline 中就应写上 citations,避免后期丢失 evidence trail。

6. Draft / 初稿是测试思想

Draft 是第一个完整版本,不是最佳版本。它的作用是把 outline 变成句子和段落,并暴露思路中的空白、重复与逻辑断点。

  • 遇到空缺可以留 placeholder,继续写完整篇;
  • 不要因局部 grammar 问题中断整体推进;
  • 起草中发现 outline 需修改时,先做标记,避免在 outline/draft 之间无限循环;
  • 写作本身会帮你发现自己想说什么。

A draft is a thinking environment, not a failed final product.

7. Revise / 先处理高阶问题

Revision 检查 higher-order concerns:

  • 是否真正完成 assignment requirements?
  • argument / purpose 是否清楚?
  • 有没有缺失的 evidence 或多余内容?
  • 各部分的顺序是否服务读者理解?

Reverse Outline 是核心工具:初稿完成后,为每个 paragraph 写下“这段的主要功能”和“它如何连接 thesis/purpose”。不看原文时检查这份反向大纲,更容易发现断层、重复、错序和无功能段落。

8. Edit and Proofread / 句子级与表面级检查

Editing 在 revision 完成后处理 sentence-level clarity:

  • 句子是否 wordy、choppy 或逻辑关系不明?
  • 词语是否 precise,technical level 是否适合 audience?
  • terminology 是否一致?
  • grammar 问题是否会造成读者误解?

Proofreading 是最后一步,检查 spelling、punctuation、formatting、margins、citations 和 references。如果在 revision 前就投入细微校对,你可能会精修一段后来必须删掉的文字。

Text-to-speech 或让别人朗读可以暴露 wordiness、节奏和逻辑衔接问题。应根据历次 feedback 建立个人 editing checklist,而不是每次从通用清单开始。

9. Seven Myths About Writing / 七个写作误区

MythBetter model
Correct writing follows one fixed order.Writing is recursive; stages may repeat.
Start only after everything is figured out.Writing helps produce and test thought.
The first draft should be perfect.Polished writing emerges through revision.
Good writers are born with talent.Writing improves through deliberate practice and feedback.
Good grammar equals good writing.Good writing achieves its purpose for its intended audience.
Every essay should have five paragraphs.Structure follows the task and needed argument.
Never use “I.”Person and stance depend on genre and discipline.

10. GenAI Inside the Writing Process / GenAI 在写作流程中的边界

课程的第一步不是选 prompt,而是检查 syllabus 和 instructor expectations。对每个阶段追问:

  1. Is AI use authorized for this task and this stage?
  2. Will using it replace a skill the assignment is meant to assess?
  3. Can I independently verify its claims, sources, and changes?
  4. What disclosure or citation is required?
  5. Can I explain and defend the final work as my own intellectual responsibility?

GenAI 可能适合 brainstorming questions、generating search terms、testing whether an explanation is clear,或提供 feedback prompts;但课程权限决定它是否可用。它不能替代你对 evidence、citation、argument 和 final wording 的责任。

11. Final Check-in / 模块收束任务

最终任务把 4.2.3 的 outline 发展成约 300 words、两段的 statement,面向 intelligent but uninformed reader 介绍并回应一位 UBC scholar 的工作。它检查三件事:

  • Clarity: 不了解背景的读者能否跟上?
  • Conciseness: 每句是否有功能?
  • Engagement: 是否不只总结 scholar,还说明自己如何进入这场对话?

12. Key Phrases / 一句话对应关系

  • Writing situation -> the discipline, purpose, audience, genre, and requirements governing a task.
  • Academic argument -> a knowledge-based contribution supported by inspectable reasons and evidence.
  • Research paper -> a formal account and interpretation of research designed to establish validity and significance.
  • IMRaD -> Introduction frames the question; Methods explain what was done; Results report findings; Discussion interprets them.
  • Five-paragraph essay -> a possible training structure, not a universal law of academic writing.
  • Collect -> gather task information, course knowledge, sources, data, ideas, and citation details.
  • Organize -> arrange content according to genre conventions and reader needs.
  • Draft -> a complete early version used to test the argument.
  • Revise -> change content and organization at the level of purpose, evidence, and structure.
  • Edit -> improve sentence-level clarity, precision, consistency, and audience fit.
  • Proofread -> perform the final check of surface errors, formatting, and citation details.
  • Reverse outline -> a post-draft map revealing what each paragraph does and how it serves the purpose.
  • Recursive writing -> moving repeatedly among stages as understanding develops.
  • Good writing -> writing that achieves its intended effect for its audience, not merely grammatically clean prose.

13. Retrieval Questions / 回忆问题

  1. 为什么大学写作不能只靠一个通用 template?
  2. 所有 disciplines 的 research writing 共享哪两个任务?
  3. IMRaD 中 Results 和 Discussion 的根本区别是什么?
  4. five-paragraph essay 什么时候可用,什么时候会限制论证?
  5. Collect 阶段为什么必须同时记录 citation details?
  6. work backwards 怎样帮助设计读者能跟上的结构?
  7. 为什么 draft 不应被当成糟糕的 final product?
  8. revision、editing 和 proofreading 分别处理什么层级的问题?
  9. reverse outline 能发现哪些原 outline 不能发现的问题?
  10. 为什么“good grammar = good writing”是一个误区?
  11. 判断 GenAI 能否进入写作流程时,应先问哪些问题?

Connections / 连接